Adverbs of Place
away, everywhere, here, nowhere, somewhere, there etc
A. If there is no object, these adverbs are usually placed after the verb.
She went away.
He lives abroad.
Bill is upstairs.
But they come after verb + object or verb + preposition + object
She sent him away.
I looked for it everywhere.
(But see chapter 38 for verb + adverb combinations such as pick up, Pig down etc.)
Adverb phrases, formed of preposition + noun/pronoun/adverb, follow the above position rules:
The parrot sat on a perch.
He stood in the doorway.
He lives near me.
But see also E below.
B. somewhere, anywhere follow the same basic rules as some and any:
I've seen that man somewhere.
Can you see my key anywhere? - No, I can't see it anywhere. Are you going anywhere? (ordinary question) but
Are you going somewhere? (I assume that you are.)
Nowhere, however, is not normally used in this position eicept in the expression to get nowhere (= to achieve nothing/to make no progress):
Threatening people will get you nowhere. (You'll gain no advantage by threatening people.)
But it can be used in short answers:
Where are you going? - Nowhere. (I'm not going anywhere.)
It can also, in formal English, be placed at the beginning of a sentence and is then followed by an inverted verb:
Nowhere will you find better roses than these. (See 45.)
C. Here, there can be followed by be/come/go + noun subject:
Here's Tom.
There's Ann.
Here comes the train.
There goes our bus.
here and there used as above carry more stress than here/there placed after the verb. There is also usually a difference in meaning. Tom is here means he is in this room/building/town etc. But Here's Tom implies that he has just appeared or that we have just found him. Tom comes here means that it is his habit to come to this place, but Here comes. Tom implies that he is just arriving/has just arrived.
If the subject is a personal pronoun, it precedes the verb in the usual way:
There he is.
Here I am.
Here it comes.
But someone and something follow the verb: there's someone who can help you.
Note that the same sentence, spoken without stress on There, would mean that a potential helper exists. (See 117.)
D. Someone phoning a friend I may introduce himself/herself by name + here:
ANN (on phone): Is that you, Tom? Ann here or This is Ann. She must not say Ann is here or Here is Ann.
E. The adverbs away (= off), down, in, off, out, over, round, up etc.
Can’t followed by a verb of motion + a noun subject:
Away went the runners.
Down fell a dozen apples.
Out sprang the cuckoo.
Round and round flew the plane.
But if the subject is a pronoun it is placed before the verb:
Away they went.
Round and round it flew.
There is more drama in this order than in subject + verb + adverb but no difference in meaning.
F. In written English Adverb phrases introduced by prepositions (down, Wm, in, on, over, out, of, round, up etc.) can be followed by verbs :indicating position (crouch, hang, lie, sit, stand etc.), by verbs ca motion, by be born, die, live and sometimes other verbs:
From the rafters hung strings of onions.
In the doorway stood a man with a gun.
On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot.
Over the wall came a shower of stones.
The first three of these examples could also be expressed by a participle and the verb be:
Hanging from the rafters were strings of onions.
Standing in the doorway was a man with a gun.
Sitting on a perch beside him was a blue parrot.
But a participle could not be used with the last example unless the shower of stones lasted for some time.
Adverbs of Time
A. afterwards, eventually, lately, now, recently, soon, then, today, tomorrow etc. and adverb phrases of time: at once, since then, till (6.00 etc.)
These are usually placed at the very beginning or at the very end of the clause, i.e. in front position or end position. End position is usual with imperatives and phrases with till:
Eventually he came/He came eventually.
Then we went home/We went home then.
Write today. I'll wait till tomorrow.
(For lately, recently, see also 185.)
With compound tenses, afterwards, eventually, lately, now, recently, soon can come after the auxiliary:
We'll soon be there.
He came late.
I'll go immediately.
But before and immediately, used as conjunctions, re placed at beginning of the clause:
Immediately the rain stops we'll set out.
C. Since and ever since are used with perfect tenses (see 187 D). since can come after the auxiliary or in end position after a negative ac; interrogative verb; ever since (adverb) in end position.
Phrases and clauses with since and ever since are usually in end position, though front position is possible:
He's been in bed since his accident/since he broke his leg.
D. yet and still (adverbs of time)
yet is normally placed after verb or after verb + object:
He hasn't finished (his breakfast) yet.
But if the object consists of a large number of words, yet can be before or after the verb:
He hasn't yet applied/applied yet for the job we told him about.
still is placed after the verb be but before other verbs:
She is still in bed.
yet means 'up to the time of speaking'. It is chiefly used with the negative or interrogative.
still emphasizes that the action continues. It is chiefly used with the affirmative or interrogative, but can be used with the negative to emphasize the continuance of a negative action:
He still doesn't understand. (The negative action of `not understanding' continues.)
He doesn't understand yet. (The positive action of `understanding' hasn't yet started.)
When stressed, still and yet express surprise, irritation or impatience. Both words can also be conjunctions (see 327).
E. just, as an adverb of time, is used with compound tenses:
I'm just coming. (See also 183)
(For just as an adverb of degree, see 41.)
Adverbs of Frequency
(a) always, continually, frequently, occasionally, often, once, twice, periodically, repeatedly, sometimes, usually etc.
(b) ever, hardly ever, never, rarely, scarcely ever, seldom
A. Adverbs in both the above groups are normally placed:
1. After the simple tenses of to be:
He is always in time for meals.
2. Before the simple tenses of all-other verbs:
They sometimes stay up all night.
3. With compound tenses, they are placed after the first auxiliary, or, with interrogative verbs, after auxiliary + subject:
He can never understand.
You have often been told not to do that.
Have you ever ridden a camel?
Exceptions
(a) used to and have to prefer the adverb in front of them:
You hardly ever have to remind him; he always remembers.
(b) Frequency adverbs are often placed before auxiliaries when these are used alone, in additions to remarks or in answers to questions:
Can you park your car near the slaps? - Yes, I usually can.
I know I should take exercise, but I never do.
and when, in a compound verb, the auxiliary- is stressed:
I never can remember.
She hardly ever 'has met him.
Similarly when do is added for emphasis:
I always do arrive in time!
But emphasis can also be given by stressing the frequency- adverb and leaving it in its usual position after the auxiliary:
You should always check your oil before starting.
B. Adverbs in group (a) above can also be put at the beginning or end of a sentence or clause.
Exceptions
always is rarely found at the beginning of a sentence/clause except with imperatives.
often, if put at the end, normally requires very or quite:
Often he walked.
He walked quite often.
C. Adverbs in group (b) above, hardly ever, never, rarely etc. (but not ever alone), can also be put at the beginning of a sentence, but inversion of the following main verb then becomes necessary:
Hardly/Scarcely ever did they manage to meet unobserved.
(For hardly, barely, scarcely, see 44.)
hardly/scarcely ever, never, rarely and seldom are not used with negative verbs.
D. never, ever
never is chiefly used with an affirmative verb, never with a negative. It normally means 'at no time':
He never saw her again.
I've never eaten snails.
They never eat meat. (habit)
I've never had a better flight.
(For never + comparative, see 21 C.)
never + affirmative can sometimes replace an ordinary negative:
I waited but he never turned up. (He didn't turn up.)
never + interrogative can be used to express the speaker's surprise at the non-performance of an action:
Has he never been to
ever means at any time' and is chiefly used in the interrogative:
Has he eve r marched in a demonstration? - No, he never has.
ever can be u ed with a negative verb and, especially with compound tenses, can often replace never + affirmative:
I haven't ever eaten snails.
This use of ever is less common with simple tenses.
ever + affirmative is possible in comparisons (see 21 C) and with suppositions and expressions of doubt:
I don't suppose he ever writes to his mother.
(For hardly/scarcely + ever, see A-C above. For ever after how etc., see 61, 85.)
Expressions of manner usually precede expressions of place: He climbed awkwardly out of the window.
He'd study happily anywhere.
But away, back, down, forward, home, in, off, on, out, round and up usually precede adverbs of manner:
He walked away sadly.
She looked back anxiously.
They went home quietly.
They rode on confidently. (See also 36 E.)
here and there do the same except with the adverbs hard, well, badly: He stood there silently but They work harder here.
Time expressions can follow expressions of manner and place: They worked hard in the garden today.
He lived there happily for a year.
But they can also be in front position:
Every day he queued patiently at the bus stop.
Sentence Adverbs
These modify the whole sentence/clause and normally express the speaker's/narrator's opinion.
A. Adverbs expressing degrees of certainty
(a) actually (= in fact/really), apparently, certainly, clearly, evidently, obviously, presumably, probably, undoubtedly
(b) definitely
(c) perhaps, possibly, surely
Adverbs in group (a) above can be placed after be:
He is obviously intelligent.
before simple tenses of other verbs:
They certainly work hard.
He actually lives next door.
after the first auxiliary in a compound verb:
They have presumably sold their house.
at the beginning or at the end of a sentence or clause:
Apparently he knew the town well.
He knew the town well apparently.
definitely can be used in the above positions but is less usual at the beginning of a sentence.
perhaps and possibly are chiefly used in front position, though the end position is possible.
surely is normally placed at the beginning or end, though it can also be next to the verb. It is used chiefly in questions:
Surely you could pay £I?
You could pay £1, surely?
Note that though the adjectives sure and certain mean more or less the same, the adverbs differ in meaning.
certainly = definitely:
He was certainly there; there is »o doubt about it.
But surely indicates that the speaker is not quite sure that the statement which follows is true. He thinks it is, but wants reassurance.
Surely he was there? (I feel almost sure that he was.)
B. Other sentence adverbs
admittedly, (un)fortunately, frankly, honestly`, (un)luckily, naturally`, officially` etc. are usually in the front position though the end position is possible. They are normally separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. Starred adverbs can also be adverbs of manner.
Honestly, Tom didn't get the money. (Sentence adverb. honestly here means 'truthfully'. The speaker is assuring us that Tom didn't get the money.)
Tom didn't get the money honestly (adverb of manner) = Tom got the money dishonestly.
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